Holography is a technique that enables a light field which is generally the result of a light source scattered off objects to be recorded and later reconstructed when the original light field is no longer present, due to the absence of the original objects. Known as the embossed hologram, this is the type of holography most of us are familiar with, seen on credit cards and bank notes. The hologram and its antecedents 18911965 cambridge. The author provides easytofollow derivations of the mathematical foundations of holography, while giving practical advice on how to implement holography for a wide variety of applications. Holography is a way of making threedimensional 3d picture made with a laser. Holography, means of creating a unique photographic image without the use of a lens. This book is a collection of 22 excellent chapters written by various experts, and it covers various aspects of holography. Holography is the creation of threedimensional images called holograms. Unlike a photograph, which records the square of the electric eld, a hologram contains both the amplitude and phase information from the image. After invention of holography by dennis gabor in 1947 it is widely used in various areas.
Principles and applications provides a comprehensive overview of the theory, practical considerations, and applications of holography. Making holograms the easy way by fred unterseher, jeannene hansen and bob schlesinger, is rich in detail about how to produce all kinds of hologram on a limited budget. The holography collection includes some 1500 holograms. The holograph seems to move and change slightly to look as if it were threedimensional. Holography meaning in the cambridge english dictionary. A personal view of the history of holography the hologram.
Essentially, the hologram is illuminated with light of the same wavelength that was used to make it. Dennis gabor was awarded the nobel prize in physics for his work on holography. Gabor denes 19001979, work for which he received the nobel prize in physics in 1971. Going back even farther into the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries we find the diffraction of light being studied with keen interest by grimaldi, newton, hooke, delisle, young, fresnel and numerous others. Get pdf abstract this months edition of the journal applied optics is a special issue devoted to the contributions of emmett leith, who passed away unexpectedly in december 2005. In 1908, gabriel lippmann was awarded the nobel prize for his colour photographic recordings which relied upon interference recording in specially made silver halide plates. First, the basic results from the general theory of holography, based on the scalar diffraction theory, are summarized, and a general description of the digital holographic microscopy process is given, including quantitative phase microscopy. Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar to sound recording, whereby a sound. Library journalthis comprehensive book is a guide for nontechnical people who wish to create their own holograms. Principles and techniques of digital holographic microscopy. The release of graham saxbys third edition of practical holography shows how well the author understands what people need from a complete book on holography. The image demonstrates complete parallax and depthoffield and floats in space either behind, in front of, or. Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. Holography 1 background the word hologram was coined from the greek word \holos which means whole, because the recorded hologram contains all the information of the image eld.
The story goes that dennis gabor was waiting for a tennis court in. Since lasers produce coherent singlewavelength light, their interference patterns are more pronounced. History holography was discovered in 1947 by hungarian physicist dennis gabor hungarian name. Gabor derived the term hologram from the greek words holos total, and gramma message. This laser light strikes the hologram at the same angle that the reference beam struck the film during the exposure 2a. Introduction to holography is a lucid introductory textbook for students and a valuable reference text for specialists. I describe its historical development, its basic principles and some examples of its practical application in optical systems. Holography dates from 1947, when britishhungarian scientist dennis gabor developed the theory of holography while working to improve the resolution of an electron microscope. In one example, they obtamed images again using photographic film for hologram recording and visible light laser reconstruction of several 1. Harriet casdinsilver follows benyons example and becomes one of the leading figures in the artistic world of holography.
Kingsport presss commission of 500,000 laser transmission holograms for. Figure 1a illustrates how these waves propagate in a reflection grating and figure 1b illustrates the corresponding case of the transmission hologram. Note that the complex functions r and s are functions of x only even though the wavevectors k c and k. Gabor, the english physicist of hungarian origin, developed the hypothesis of holography when working on his electron microscope resolution improvement. Holography uses light interference or wave optics, whereas normal photography uses geometric optics. The author has spent his career working on different aspects of this subject, and in this book, conveys the foundation for others to use holography and holographic concepts in a variety of important applications. With technical success comes the commercial exploration of holography s potential, led first and foremost by conductron corporation in ann arbor, michigan. May 10, 2020 holography is the process of producing holograms and, although they are recorded on photographic film, the process is quite different from normal photography. This chapter provides a timeline of events that have caught the imagination as the age of holography has progressed.
Holography is the science of making holograms which are usually intended for displaying three dimensional images. Holography is the only visual recording and playback process that can record our threedimensional world on a twodimensional recording medium and playback the original object or scene to the unaided eyes as a three dimensional image. A hungarian scientist, dennis gabor, was working on a project to improve the quality of electron microscope imagery, when he stumbled across the idea. This film examines the process of holography, types of holograms, and the uses of the hologram for artistic and scientific purposes, as demonstrated by tung h. Holography was invented in 1948 by hungarian scientist dennis gabor, who won a nobel prize for his work.
Holography exploded on the scientific world in 1964, but its slow fuse had been burning much longer. It is a physical structure that diffracts light into an image. History of holography 1968 bruce history of holography. The term hologram is a combination of the greek words holos complete and gram message holography is a process for recording and displaying threedimensional information without lenses therefore holography opens up completely new possibilities in science, engineering, graphics and arts. The duration of such a pulse can be less than 110,000,000 of a second. It allows the holographer to make a more exact image than with photography. Contents 1 introduction 2 2 the development of optical holography 4. The photographic recording of the image is called a hologram, which appears to be an unrecognizable pattern of stripes and whorls but whichwhen illuminated by coherent light, as by a laser beamorganizes the light into a threedimensional representation of the original object. Over the next four decades, the echoes of that explosion reached scientists, engineers.
The techniques and principles of holography have been modi. Photography holographic recording hologram formation reconstruction types of holograms holographic material mass production of holograms a p p l i e d o p tic s g r o u p d e p a r t ment o f p h y s i c s. Holograms existed in the nineteenth century, though they were not so called and were not very exciting or newsworthy. Although holograms were immediately popular for art, practical applications of optical holography lagged until the 1980s. Going back even farther into the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries we find the diffraction of light being studied with keen interest by grimaldi, newton, hooke, delisle, young. The role of the lippmanntogabor history within the discipline of holography. Holographic lens variations on holographic lens hologon headup display a p p l i e d o p tic s g r o u p d e p a r t ment o f p h y s i c s applications of holographic 1.
The chapters of the book are organized in six sections, starting with theory, continuing with materials, techniques, applications as. Digital holography refers to the acquisition and processing of holograms with a digital sensor array, typically a ccd camera or a similar device. Mieczyslaw wolfke proposes principle of wave field reconstruction by diffraction on. When a hologram is made, a coherent beam of light is divided so that one beam the reference beam falls directly onto a piece of photographic lm and another beam the object beam is formed from the light that is scattered by an object and falls onto the same piece of lm. Ordinary white light can be used to view this type of hologram, resulting in a rainbow image from the colours of the spectrum that make up white light. This paper discusses largescale but gradual changes in the subject of holography that have only recently become readily observable. To fully understand the history of holography you need to have a basic idea of what a hologram is. A hologram may also project a threedimensional image into the aira lifelike image that can be photographed although it cannot be touched.
Digital holography offers a means of measuring optical phase data and typically delivers threedimensional surface or optical thickness images. A holographic image can be seen looking into an illuminated holographic print by shining a laser through a hologram and projecting a image on the screen. Their collective history is one that defines the hologram, as an invention by dennis gabor 19001978. A hologram is a physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to reproduce a threedimensional light field, resulting in an image which retains the depth, parallax, and other properties of the original scene. Dennis gabor, a hungarianborn scientist, invented holography in 1948, for which he received the nobel prize for physics more than 20 years later 1971. Brief history of optics conted 18th19th centuries fresnel, young experimentally observe diffraction, defeat newtons particle theory maxwell formulates electromagnetic equations, hertz verifies antenna emission principle 1899 20th century quantum theory explains waveparticle duality. In 1947, he was trying to improve microscopes, and he figured out how to display threedimensional objects. Laser reflections, poulsbo, wa pulse laser island holographics, northport, ny. A history 171 specimen using 100 a xrays, again with tem hologram readout and numerical reconstruction 60. May 23, 20 history of holography the development of hologram technology started in 1962, when yuri denisyuk, in the soviet union, and emmett leith and juris upatnieks at the university of michigan developed. A hologram is a physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to. The process is similar to that of photography except that rather than recording an image, it captures light fields. Sayre and feder proposed making multiple recordings of the nearfield diffraction pattern using photoresists, and usmg them to numerically reconstruct an image of the object 61. Unlike a normal photograph that uses a lens to focus an image on an electronic chip or a piece of film and simply records where there is light or no light, holography is a photographic technique that records the shape a light wave takes after it bounces off an object, much like the impression you would see if a key were pressed into clay.
The origin of holography dates back to 1947 when d. In order to start the process, two beams of light are created by the refraction of. It was made possible by pioneering work in the field of physics by other scientists like mieczyslaw wolfke who resolved technical issues that previously made. This book draws on the history and philosophy of science and technology, social studies, politics and cultural history to trace the trajectory of holography. Johnston and others published the history of holography.
The development of new holography methods made it suitable for new industrial and scientific applications. Hologrambackgrounda hologram is a flat surface that, under proper illumination, appears to contain a threedimensional image. T he concepts of the hologram were discovered by mistake all the way back in 1948. Litiholo hologram kits and supplies, including instant film. Invented in the late 1940s by dennis gabor 19001970, who won the 1971 nobel prize in physics for his work, holography became far more practical with the development of the laser. Holography is based on the principle of interference. This type of holography was unique because it was able to reproduce the entire spectrum of colors by separating the seven colors that create white light. Xray holography a hi story 169 structed image 38 fmally, they used an al k 8. He takes the reader through what a hologram is, the history of holography, what sort of light sources can be used to make a hologram, what kinds have been made to date and so on through to.
Brief history of optics conted 18th19th centuries fresnel, young experimentally observe diffraction, defeat newtons. This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. As explained earlier the aim of this work is also the same, which is to devise a. Holography simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. One beam is shone directly on the recording medium and acts as a reference to the light scattered from the illuminated scene. A hologram is a photographic recording of a light field, rather than an image formed by a lens. Gabor, who characterized his work as an experiment in serendipity that was begun too soon, coined the term hologram from the greek words holos, meaning whole, and gramma, meaning message. Hologram imaging technology features, advantages and. While her main aim is to take holography out of the science lab and expand the boundaries of fine art in order to include holography, a feminist strand runs through benyons work.
Figure \\pageindex2\ shows one method of producing a hologram. Image rendering, or reconstruction of object data is performed numerically from digitized interferograms. Holography dates from 1947, when british native of hungary scientist dennis gabor developed the theory of holography while working to improve the. Nobel prize winner dennis gabor, holographys inventor, saw the film after it was made and said it was the. Intergraf hologram kit, supplies including projection screens and learning resources. Presenting an analysis of publications in holography over the past half century, the paper illustrates and discusses. Understanding diffraction in volume gratings and holograms.
Originally, holography was a technique used to improve electron microscopes. A timeline of the people and technology in the advancement of dichromated gelatin holography. Intergraf hologram kit, supplies including projection screens and learning resources litiholo hologram kits and supplies, including instant film. Gabor considered the possibility of improving the resolving power of the electron microscope, first by utilizing the electron beam to make a hologram of. A revolutionary technique for mass producing holograms cheaply and in very large numbers was developed in the mid 1970s. Holography has recently become a field of much interest because of the many new applications implemented by various holographic techniques. Nobel prize winner dennis gabor, holography s inventor, saw the film after it was made and said it was the best film on the subject that he had seen. Optical holography didnt take off until the invention of the laser in 1960. The hologram and its antecedents 18911965 semantic scholar.
Holographic projection technologies of the future are moving forward fast and as you can image there are many entrepreneurs who are dreaming up. Holography dates from 1947, when british native of hungary scientist dennis gabor developed the theory of holography while working to improve the resolution of an electron microscope. A hologram captures the interference pattern between two or more beams of coherent light i. To honor the memory of my dear friend and colleague, i provide here my account of the significance of his work and how i came to invent computergenerated holography. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Listen to jason arthur sapan talk about the history of holography on gizmodo. The first term represents the illumination or reference wave and the second term, the response or signal wave. First, the basic results from the general theory of holography, based on the scalar diffraction theory, are summarized, and a general description of the digital holographic microscopy process is. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Gabor coined the term hologram from the greek words holos, meaning whole, and gramma, meaning message. A brief history of holography if a picture is worth a 1,000 words how much is a holographic image worth these days. Optical holography is a method for storage and displaying a threedimensional image of an object. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a.